The SMEAR II is the flagship station of the SMEAR Concept with the longest and most comprehensive aerosol measurement series since 1995. SMEAR II carries out comprehensive measurements on land- atmosphere interactions 24/7 on 1200 parameters and delivers data products based on the European Research Infrastructures ICOS, ACTRIS and eLTER standards.
Following continuous and long-term comprehensive observations of meteorological situations / urban boundary layer, local, ground level concentrations, and ecosystem functions are required from a station to be a SMEAR flagship station:
- temperature profiles in atmosphere and soil
- aerosol concentrations
- O3 and NOx concentrations
- global radiation, photosynthetically active radiation and net radiation
- soil water content and tension
- precipitation
- leaf area and mass
- amount of soil organic matter (annual)
- mass of woody components (annual)
- deposition of nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium, and H+ ions
- CO2, H2O, heat and momentum fluxes between ecosystem and atmosphere
- aerosol size distributions
- profiles of CO2, O3, SO2, NO, NO2, and N2O in atmosphere and soil
- focused campaigns to determine the dependences of processes on environmental factors
- VOC (Volatile Orcanic Compounds) emissions from vegetation and soil
- VOC profiles in atmosphere and soil
- H2SO4, NH3 and CH4 in the air
- size distribution of ions in the air
- cloud radar
- PAR (Photosynthetically active radiation) distribution inside canopy
- monitoring of spectral light distribution
- monitoring of atmospheric turbulence
- monitoring of nutrient, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potasium and calcium, and H+ concentrations in soil water
- monitoring of water flow in wood
- CO2 and H2O fluxes between soil and atmosphere
- use of stable isotopes in studies of processes, such as photosynthesis and decomposition of soil organic matter